![]() ![]() established a comprehensive energy acquisition model of solar-powered UAVs by combining the clear sky radiation model and the relationship between attitude, sun orientation, and the earth and built the energy consumption model of the steering gear and the propulsion system through experiments. The energy acquisition and consumption model of solar-powered UAVs is the core of mathematical and physical models. The further extension of cruise time requires both high-precision subsystem modeling and flight profile simulation in a long working cycle. Although their scales are different, they all aim to achieve a longer flight time. In addition, there is a large number of solar-powered UAVs in the research stage, such as the “Phase-35” UAV (the UK), the “Swift HALE” UAV (the U.S.), the “Sunglider” UAV (Japan), and the “Createv” UAV (Canada), all of which completed their first flight in 2020. However, an accident that occurred during the final stage of the flight destroyed the aircraft. In 2022, Airbus’s “Zephyr-S” UAV extended the continuous flight duration record of solar-powered UAVs to 64 days. The “Owl” UAV (Russia) completed a 50 h non-stop flight test at an altitude of 9000 m in 2016, and its mission objective was to provide relay communications for the Arctic region. Through a scientific route planning strategy, it conducted the task with maximum efficiency and provided a series of useful information for the rescue team. In 2016, the “Atlantisolar” UAV (Switzerland) carried out a 26 h continuous refugee search and rescue mission. It conducted route planning through the navigation system and reduced the dependence on secondary batteries by using a gravity energy storage strategy. The “Zephyr-6” UAV (the UK) achieved 82 h and 37 min of continuous flight in 2007, creating a world record for the sustained flight time of a UAV. However, the flight process is manually controlled, and thus it has no ability to carry out ultra-long flight time reconnaissance tasks. In 2005, the “Solong” UAV (the U.S.) became the first solar-powered UAV to achieve continuous flight for more than 24 h. Nowadays, the near-space solar-powered UAV has broken through the 24 h uninterrupted cruise technology. The research methods and conclusions of this paper have reference significance for the mission and track planning of solar-powered UAVs. Finally, the input parameters are decomposed into task parameters (takeoff time window, flight season, flight latitude, takeoff weight) and performance parameters (lift–drag ratio, secondary battery density), and their effects on mission feasibility are studied respectively. ![]() On the basis of the strategy, the typical flight profile and power spectrum of a solar-powered UAV are analyzed. Further, a track control strategy based on the principle of maximum energy utilization is proposed, and the energy balance model of each flight stage is established. Combined with the test data obtained during the development of a solar-powered UAV, this paper establishes systematic mathematical and physical models of aerodynamic, energy, and propulsion systems, which can reflect the change in performance parameters with flight conditions and the performance attenuation with time. The technological progress requires the improvement of subsystems and also depends on the accurate planning of flight profile and power spectrum in a long working cycle. However, models that can cruise for weeks or even months without interruption are in the minority. ![]() Currently, several solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have achieved 24 h uninterrupted cruise. ![]()
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